Unofficial Ubuntu 5.04 Starter Guide

Revision: 4.17 (Last updated on 2nd August 2005) - Changelog
URL: http://www.ubuntuguide.org (Mirror)
Author: Chua Wen Kiat (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)

Previous Version: 4.10 (Warty Warthog)

Please consider donating to help the support and the improvement of this documentation. Thank you :)

Disclaimer

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

General Notes

This is an Unofficial Ubuntu 5.04 Starter Guide. It is not associated with Ubuntu and Canonical Ltd.
Guide is tested on a full installation of the Ubuntu 5.04 x86 Install CD (Hoary Hedgehog)
If you see black box, means you have to execute the commands in Terminal mode (Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal)
To reduce typo mistakes, copy and paste the commands into Terminal mode (right click on the commands -> "Copy" or "Paste")
"sudo" means superuser do. "sudo" will prompt for "Password:". Please specify user password
If you are tired of typing "sudo" all the time, switch to root user by issuing "sudo -s -H" followed by user password
If you are tired of typing "apt-get" all the time, Read How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)?
"apt-get" and "wget" requires Internet connection to install/update/download programs
To download file, right click on the link -> Select "Save Link As..." -> Make sure file name and extension are correct
Some multimedia applications may not load/produce sound, Read How to configure sound to work properly in GNOME?
For any feedbacks, suggestions, discussions and bugs report to the author, please post comments: Here
May the "humanity to others" spirit be with you always...

Topics

Getting Started

Q: What is Ubuntu?

http://www.ubuntulinux.org/ubuntu

Q: Where to view Ubuntu screenshots?

http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=305&slide=1

Q: Where to find a list of all the programs/libraries that comes with Ubuntu?

Result of dpkg -l: Here
http://packages.ubuntu.com/hoary
http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu

Q: Where to download Ubuntu?

http://www.ubuntulinux.org/download

Q: Where to order Ubuntu CDs for absolutely FREE?

http://shipit.ubuntulinux.org

Q: Where to find help for Ubuntu?

Getting UbuntuGuide

Q: How to download this entire UbuntuGuide?

Read General Notes

wget -c http://ubuntuguide.org/ubuntu5.04.tar.gz
tar zxvf ubuntu5.04.tar.gz

Repositories

Q: How to add extra repositories?

Read General Notes

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

Find this section

...
## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch updated software from the network
# deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary main restricted
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary main restricted

## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch major bug fix updates produced
## after the final release of the distribution.
# deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-updates main restricted
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-updates main restricted

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.
# deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary universe
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary universe

# deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security main restricted
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security main restricted

# deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security universe
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security universe

Replace with the following lines

## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch updated software from the network
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary main restricted

## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch major bug fix updates produced
## after the final release of the distribution.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-updates main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-updates main restricted

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary universe
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary universe

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security main restricted

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security universe

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary multiverse

## Backports
deb http://ubuntu-backports.mirrormax.net/ hoary-backports main universe multiverse restricted
deb http://ubuntu-backports.mirrormax.net/ hoary-extras main universe multiverse restricted

Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo apt-get update
```

Q: How to backup/restore downloaded repositories cache?

Read General Notes

To backup downloaded repositories cache

sudo tar zcvf apt.tgz /etc/apt/ /var/lib/apt/ /var/cache/apt/

To restore downloaded repositories cache
```
sudo tar zxvf apt.tgz -C /
```

Ubuntu Updates

Q: How to manually update Ubuntu?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

Add-On Applications

Q: How to install Menu Editor for GNOME?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install smeg
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> System Tools -> Smeg Menu Editor

Q: How to install Clipboard Daemon for GNOME?

Read General Notes

wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2 -C /usr/bin/
sudo chown root:root /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo gnome-clipboard-daemon &

System -> Preferences -> Sessions

Sessions

Startup Programs Tab -> Add

Startup Command: gnome-clipboard-daemon
Order: 80

Q: How to install J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install sun-j2re1.5
java -version

Restart Mozilla Firefox

Q: How to install Flash Player (Macromedia Flash) Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install flashplayer-mozilla

Restart Mozilla Firefox

Q: How to install PDF Reader (Adobe Reader) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install acroread
sudo apt-get install mozilla-acroread
sudo apt-get install acroread-plugins

Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Office -> Adobe Reader
Restart Mozilla Firefox

Q: How to install Download Manager (Downloader for X)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install d4x
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> Downloader for X

Q: How to install FTP Client (gFTP)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install gftp
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> gFTP

Q: How to install P2P BitTorrent Client (Azureus)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox?
```
sudo apt-get install azureus
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> Azureus

Q: How to install P2P eMule Client (aMule)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install amule
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> aMule

Q: How to install P2P Gnutella Client (LimeWire)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox?

wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/LimeWireOther.zip
sudo unzip -u LimeWireOther.zip -d /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/LimeWire/
sudo gedit /usr/bin/runLime.sh

Insert the following lines into the new file
```
cd /opt/LimeWire/
./runLime.sh
```
Save the edited file (sample)

sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/runLime.sh
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/LimeWire.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=LimeWire
Comment=LimeWire
Exec=runLime.sh
Icon=/opt/LimeWire/LimeWire.ico
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> LimeWire

Q: How to install Messenger (Skype)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install libqt3c102-mt
wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/skype_1.2.0.11-1_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i skype_1.2.0.11-1_i386.deb

Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> Skype

Q: How to install WinPopup (LinPopUp)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

sudo apt-get install linpopup
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/linpopup.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=LinPopUp
Comment=LinPopUp
Exec=linpopup
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/linpopup.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Utility;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Accessories -> LinPopUp

Q: How to install Multimedia Codecs?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.8-plugins
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.8-lame
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.8-ffmpeg
sudo apt-get install w32codecs
sudo apt-get install libdivx4linux
sudo apt-get install lame
sudo apt-get install sox
sudo apt-get install ffmpeg
sudo apt-get install mjpegtools
sudo apt-get install vorbis-tools
gst-register-0.8

Q: How to install DVD playback capability?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2
```

Q: How to install Multimedia Player (xine-ui)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Multimedia Codecs?
Read How to install DVD playback capability?
```
sudo apt-get install xine-ui
```

Associate xine-ui to play multimedia files

gconftool-2 --type string --set /desktop/gnome/volume_manager/autoplay_dvd_command "xine dvd://"
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applnk/Multimedia/xine.desktop
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/xine/desktop/xine.desktop /usr/share/applications/
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo sed -e 's/totem.desktop/xine.desktop/g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list

Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Read How to refresh GNOME desktop?
Applications -> Sound & Video -> xine

Q: How to install Multimedia Player (MPlayer) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Multimedia Codecs?
Read How to install DVD playback capability?

sudo apt-get install mplayer-386
sudo apt-get install mplayer-fonts
sudo apt-get install mozilla-mplayer
sudo cp /etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf /etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf

Find this line

...
vo=x11,                  # To specify default video driver (see -vo help for
...

Replace with the following line

vo=xv,                  # To specify default video driver (see -vo help for

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Sound & Video -> MPlayer
Restart Mozilla Firefox

Q: How to install Multimedia Player (XMMS)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Multimedia Codecs?

sudo apt-get install xmms
wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb

Associate XMMS to play MP3/M3U/WAV files

sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /tmp/defaults.list_tmp
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/mpeg=.*/audio\/mpeg=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.list_tmp > /tmp/defaults.mp3
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-mpegurl=.*/audio\/x-mpegurl=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.mp3 > /tmp/defaults.m3u
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-wav=.*/audio\/x-wav=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.m3u > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
sudo rm -f /tmp/defaults.*

Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Read How to refresh GNOME desktop?
Applications -> Sound & Video -> XMMS

Q: How to install Multimedia Player (RealPlayer)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install realplayer
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Sound & Video -> RealPlayer 10

Q: How to install Stream Directory Browser (streamtuner)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install streamtuner
sudo apt-get install streamripper

Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Sound & Video -> streamtuner

Q: How to install ID3 Tag Editor (EasyTAG)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install easytag
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Sound & Video -> EasyTAG

Q: How to install Video Editor (Kino)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Multimedia Codecs?

sudo apt-get install kino
sudo apt-get install kinoplus
sudo apt-get install kino-timfx
sudo apt-get install kino-dvtitler

Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Sound & Video -> Kino Video Editor

Q: How to install Audio Editor (Audacity)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Multimedia Codecs?
```
sudo apt-get install audacity
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Sound & Video -> Audacity

Q: How to install DVD Ripper (dvd::rip)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Multimedia Codecs?
Read How to install DVD playback capability?
Read How to install Multimedia Player (MPlayer) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox?
Read How to install RAR Archiver (rar)?

sudo apt-get install dvdrip
sudo apt-get install vcdimager
sudo apt-get install cdrdao
sudo apt-get install subtitleripper
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/rar-2.80
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dvdrip.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=dvd::rip
Comment=dvd::rip
Exec=dvdrip
Icon=/usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Sound & Video -> dvd::rip

Q: How to install CD Ripper (Goobox)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Multimedia Codecs?

sudo apt-get install goobox
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=CD Player & Ripper
Comment=Play and extract CDs
Exec=goobox
Icon=goobox.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Sound & Video -> CD Player & Ripper

Q: How to install Email Client (Mozilla Thunderbird)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird

Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> Thunderbird Mail Client

Q: How to install Newsreader (Pan)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install pan
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> Pan Newsreader

Q: How to install RSS/RDF/Atom Newsreader (RSSOwl)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox?

wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
sudo gedit /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh

Insert the following lines into the new file

export MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME=/usr/lib/mozilla-firefox
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:${MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
cd /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
./run.sh

Save the edited file (sample)

sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RSSOwl.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=RSSOwl
Comment=RSSOwl
Exec=runRSSOwl.sh
Icon=/opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/rssowl.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> RSSOwl

Q: How to install Web Authoring System (Nvu)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install nvu
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nvu
Comment=Web Development Editor
Exec=nvu
Icon=nvu.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> Nvu

Q: How to install Project Management Application (Planner)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install planner
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Office -> Project Management

Q: How to install Accounting Application (GnuCash)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install gnucash
sudo rm -fr /usr/share/gnome/apps/Applications/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/GnuCash.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=GnuCash
Comment=GnuCash Personal Finance
Exec=gnucash
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/gnucash/gnucash-icon.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Office;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Office -> GnuCash

Q: How to install Desktop Publishing Application (Scribus)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install scribus
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Office -> Scribus

Q: How to install Diagram Editor (Dia)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install dia-gnome
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Graphics -> Dia

Q: How to install Compiled HTML Help (CHM) Viewer (xCHM)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install xchm
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Graphics -> xCHM

Q: How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (GnomeBaker)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install gnomebaker
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Accessories -> GnomeBaker CD/DVD Creator

Q: How to install Dialup PPP Client (GNOME PPP)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install gnome-ppp
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> GNOME PPP

Q: How to install Broadband ADSL/PPPoE Client (RP-PPPoE)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Basic Compilers (build-essential)?

wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RP-PPPoE.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=RP-PPPoE
Comment=RP-PPPoE
Exec=gksudo /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/go-gui
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Internet -> RP-PPPoE

Q: How to install Boot-Up Manager (BUM)?

Read General Notes

wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/bum_1.3.2-1_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i bum_1.3.2-1_all.deb

Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
System -> Administration -> Boot-Up Manager

Q: How to install Partition Editor (GParted)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install gparted
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> System Tools -> GParted

Q: How to install Firewall (Firestarter)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install firestarter
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> System Tools -> Firestarter

Q: How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install nessus
sudo apt-get install nessusd
sudo nessus-adduser
sudo ln -fs /etc/init.d/nessusd /etc/rc2.d/S20nessusd
sudo /etc/init.d/nessusd start
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nessus.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nessus
Comment=Nessus
Exec=nessus
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nessus.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> System Tools -> Nessus

Q: How to install RAR Archiver (rar)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install rar
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar

Applications -> Accessories -> Archive Manager

Q: How to install Extra Fonts?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-arabic
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-asian
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-european
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-phonetic
sudo apt-get install gsfonts-x11
sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
sudo fc-cache -f -v
sudo cp /etc/fonts/local.conf /etc/fonts/local.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fonts/local.conf

Find this section

...
<!-- Uncomment below to enable the freetype autohinter module -->
<!--
  <match target="font">
    <edit name="autohint" mode="assign">
      <bool>true</bool>
    </edit>
  </match>
-->
...

Replace with the following lines

  <match target="font">
    <edit name="autohint" mode="assign">
      <bool>true</bool>
    </edit>
  </match>

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer?

Q: How to install Chinese Input Method (SCIM)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Extra Fonts?

sudo apt-get install scim
sudo apt-get install scim-chinese
sudo apt-get install scim-config-socket
sudo apt-get install scim-gtk2-immodule
sudo apt-get install scim-tables-zh
wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz -C /usr/share/fonts/truetype/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/fonts/truetype/fireflysung-1.3.0/ 
sudo fc-cache -f -v

System -> Preferences -> SCIM Input Method Setup
To activate SCIM
```
Press 'Ctrl + Space'
```

Q: How to install Desktop Applets (gDesklets)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install gdesklets
sudo apt-get install gdesklets-data

Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Accessories -> gDesklets

Q: How to install Game (Frozen-Bubble)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install frozen-bubble
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> Games -> Frozen-Bubble

Q: How to install Basic Compilers (build-essential)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install build-essential
```

Commercial Applications

Q: How to install Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP (Win4Lin)?

http://www.win4lin.com

Q: How to install Windows Applications (CrossOver Office)?

http://www.codeweavers.com

Q: How to install Windows Games (Cedega)?

http://www.transgaming.com

Users Administration

Q: How to set/change/enable root user password?

Read General Notes
```
sudo passwd root
```

Q: How to disable root user account?

Read General Notes
```
sudo passwd -l root
```

Q: How to allow root user to login into GNOME?

Read General Notes
Read How to set/change/enable root user password?
System -> Administration -> Login Screen Setup

Security Tab -> Options -> Allow root to login with GDM (Checked)

Q: How to switch to root user in Console mode?

Read General Notes

sudo -s -H
Password: <specify user password>

Q: How to add/edit/delete system users?

Read General Notes
System -> Administration -> Users and Groups

Users and Groups

Users Tab -> Add User.../Properties/Delete

Q: How to add/edit/delete system groups?

Read General Notes
System -> Administration -> Users and Groups

Users and Groups

Groups Tab -> Add Group.../Properties/Delete

Q: How to automatic login into GNOME (not secure)?

Read General Notes
System -> Administration -> Login Screen Setup

General Tab -> Automatic Login ->
Login a user automatically on first bootup (Checked)
Automatic login username: Select "system_username"

Q: How to allow more sudoers?

Read General Notes
```
export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
```
Append the following line at the end of file
```
system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
```
Save the edited file (sample)

Q: How to use "sudo" without prompt for password (not secure)?

Read General Notes
```
export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
```
Find this line
```
...
system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
...
```
Replace with the following line
```
system_username	ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
```
Save the edited file (sample)

Q: How to explicitly destroy the "sudo" session?

Read General Notes
```
sudo -K
```

Q: How to change files/folders permissions?

Read General Notes

Right click on files/folders -> Properties

Permissions Tab -> Read/Write/Execute (Checked the permissions for Owner/Group/Others)

Q: How to change files/folders ownership?

Read General Notes

sudo chown system_username /location_of_files_or_folders

Q: How to change files/folders group ownership?

Read General Notes

sudo chgrp system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders

Hardware

Q: How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx
sudo apt-get install nvidia-settings
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo nvidia-glx-config enable
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/NVIDIA-Settings.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=NVIDIA Settings
Comment=NVIDIA Settings
Exec=nvidia-settings
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer?
Applications -> System Tools -> NVIDIA Settings

Q: How to disable NVIDIA graphics logo on GNOME startup?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)?

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Find this section

...
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]"
	Driver		"nvidia"
	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
...

Add the following line below it
```
        Option		"NoLogo"
```
Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer?

Q: How to identify Modem chipset?

Read General Notes

To install Modem chipset identifier

Read How to install Basic Compilers (build-essential)?

wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/scanModem.gz
gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem
chmod +x scanModem
sudo cp scanModem /usr/bin/

To identify Modem chipset

sudo scanModem
gedit Modem/ModemData.txt

Q: How to install Modem Driver (SmartLink)?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

uname -r (must be 2.6.10-5-386)
wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/sl-modem-modules-2.6.10-5-386_2.9.9a-1ubuntu2+2.6.10-34_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i sl-modem-modules-*.deb
sudo apt-get install sl-modem-daemon

Q: How to configure PalmOS Devices?

Read General Notes

sudo gedit /etc/udev/rules.d/10-custom.rules

Insert the following line into the new file

BUS="usb", SYSFS{product}="Palm Handheld*", KERNEL="ttyUSB*", NAME{ignore_remove}="pilot", MODE="666"

Save the edited file (sample)
System -> Preferences -> PalmOS Devices
Follow the instructions on screen

Q: How to list partition tables?

Read General Notes
```
sudo fdisk -l
```

Q: How to list filesystem disk space usage?

Read General Notes
```
df -T -h
```

Q: How to list mounted devices?

Read General Notes
```
mount
```

Q: How to list PCI devices?

Read General Notes
```
lspci
```

Q: How to list USB devices?

Read General Notes
```
lsusb
```

Q: How to speed up CD/DVD-ROM?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM

sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom
sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf

Append the following lines at the end of file
```
/dev/cdrom {
       dma = on
}
```
Save the edited file (sample)

Q: How to mount/unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually, and show all hidden and associated files/folders?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM

To mount CD/DVD-ROM
```
sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
```
To unmount CD/DVD-ROM
```
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/
```

Q: How to forcefully unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM

```
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/ -l
```

Q: How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting?

Read General Notes
```
sudo mount -a
```

CD/DVD Burning

Q: How to blank CD-RW/DVD-RW?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM

sudo umount /dev/cdrom
cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast

Q: How to burn files/folders into CD/DVD?

Read General Notes
```
nautilus burn:///
```

File Browser: CD/DVD Creator

Drag files/folders into window

File Menu -> Write to Disc... -> Write

Q: How to burn Image (ISO) files into CD/DVD?

Read General Notes

Right click on Image (ISO) file -> Write to Disc... -> Write

Q: How to duplicate CD/DVD?

Read General Notes
Read How to create Image (ISO) files from CD/DVD?
Read How to burn Image (ISO) files into CD/DVD?

Q: How to create Image (ISO) files from CD/DVD?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM

sudo umount /dev/cdrom
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024

Q: How to create Image (ISO) files from folders?

Read General Notes

mkisofs -o file.iso /location_of_folder/

Q: How to generate MD5 checksum files?

Read General Notes
```
md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5
```

Q: How to check MD5 checksum of files?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that file.iso and file.iso.md5 are in the same folder

```
md5sum -c file.iso.md5
```

Q: How to mount/unmount Image (ISO) files without burning?

Read General Notes

To mount Image (ISO) file

sudo mkdir /media/iso
sudo modprobe loop
sudo mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop

To unmount Image (ISO) file
```
sudo umount /media/iso/
```

Q: How to set/change the burn speed for CD/DVD Burner?

Read General Notes
Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor

Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (set/change the burn speed)

Q: How to enable burnproof for CD/DVD Burner?

Read General Notes
Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor

Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof (Checked)

Q: How to enable overburn for CD/DVD? Burner?

Read General Notes
Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor

Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn (Checked)

Networking

Q: How to activate/deactivate network connections?

Read General Notes
System -> Administration -> Networking

Network settings

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Activate/Deactivate

Q: How to configure network connections?

Read General Notes
System -> Administration -> Networking

Network settings

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Properties
Connection -> This device is configured (Checked)
Connection Settings -> Configuration: Select "DHCP/Static IP address"

DNS Tab -> DNS Servers -> Add/Delete

Read How to activate/deactivate network connections?

Q: How to configure dialup connections?

Read General Notes
To configure dialup
```
sudo pppconfig
```
To connect dialup
```
sudo pon provider_name
```
To disconnect dialup
```
sudo poff
```

Q: How to configure broadband connections?

Read General Notes
```
sudo pppoeconf
```

Q: How to change computer name?

Read General Notes
System -> Administration -> Networking

Network settings

General Tab -> Host Settings -> Hostname: Specify the computer name

Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer

Q: How to change computer descriptions?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line

...
   server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)
...

Replace with the following line

   server string = new_computer_descriptions

Save the edited file (sample)

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

Q: How to change computer Domain/Workgroup?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line
```
...
   workgroup = MSHOME
...
```
Replace with the following line
```
   workgroup = new_domain_or_workgroup
```
Save the edited file (sample)

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

Q: How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

e.g. Assumed that internet connections have been configured properly
     Register free Dynamic DNS at https://www.dyndns.org
     Automatically refresh IP in DynDNS Database/DNS every hour
     * * * * * means minute hour date month year

sudo apt-get install ipcheck
sudo gedit /root/dyndns_update.sh

Insert the following lines into the new file

USERNAME=myusername
PASSWORD=mypassword
HOSTNAME=myhostname.dyndns.org

cd /root/
if [ -f /root/ipcheck.dat ]; then
  ipcheck -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
else
  ipcheck --makedat -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
fi

Save the edited file (sample)

sudo chmod 700 /root/dyndns_update.sh
sudo sh /root/dyndns_update.sh
export EDITOR=gedit && sudo crontab -e

Append the following line at the end of file
```
00 * * * * sudo sh /root/dyndns_update.sh
```
Save the edited file

Q: How to share folders the easy way?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

Right click on folder -> Share folder

Shared folder -> Share with: Select "SMB"
Share properties -> Name: Specify the share name

Q: How to browse network computers?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
If computers or network folders could not be found, try access them directly
Read How to access network folders without mounting?

Places -> Network Servers

Q: How to access network folders without mounting?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
     Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
     Shared folder's name: linux

Applications -> Run Application...
Run Application
```
smb://192.168.0.1/linux
```

Q: How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
     Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
     Network computer's Username: myusername
     Network computer's Password: mypassword
     Shared folder's name: linux
     Local mount folder: /media/sharename

To mount network folder

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword

To unmount network folder
```
sudo umount /media/sharename/
```

Q: How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read/write?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
     Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
     Network computer's Username: myusername
     Network computer's Password: mypassword
     Shared folder's name: linux
     Local mount folder: /media/sharename

To mount network folder

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777

To unmount network folder
```
sudo umount /media/sharename/
```

Q: How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
     Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
     Network computer's Username: myusername
     Network computer's Password: mypassword
     Shared folder's name: linux
     Local mount folder: /media/sharename

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials

Insert the following lines into the new file
```
username=myusername
password=mypassword
```
Save the edited file (sample)

sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab

Append the following line at the end of file

//192.168.0.1/linux        /media/sharename  smbfs    credentials=/root/.smbcredentials       0       0

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting?

Q: How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
     Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
     Network computer's Username: myusername
     Network computer's Password: mypassword
     Shared folder's name: linux
     Local mount folder: /media/sharename

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials

Insert the following lines into the new file
```
username=myusername
password=mypassword
```
Save the edited file (sample)

sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab

Append the following line at the end of file

//192.168.0.1/linux        /media/sharename  smbfs   credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777   0       0

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting?

Remote Desktop

Q: How to configure remote desktop (not secure)?

Read General Notes

Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session
Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure
Use (System -> Lock Screen) and off the monitor when computer is left unattended

System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop

Remote Desktop Preferences

Sharing ->
Allow other users to view your desktop (Checked)
Allow other users to control your desktop (Checked)

Security ->
Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked)
Require the user to enter this password: (Checked)
Password: Specify the password

Q: How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
     Read How to configure remote desktop (not secure)?
     Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1

```
vncviewer -fullscreen 192.168.0.1:0
```
To quit vncviewer
```
Press 'F8' -> Quit viewer
```

Q: How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via Windows machine?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
     Read How to configure remote desktop (not secure)?
     Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1

Download VNC Viewer: Here

Windows

Q: How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (NTFS) manually, and allow all users to read only?

Read General Notes
Read How to list partition tables?

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
     Local mount folder: /media/windows

To mount Windows partition

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222

To unmount Windows partition
```
sudo umount /media/windows/
```

Q: How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (FAT) manually, and allow all users to read/write?

Read General Notes
Read How to list partition tables?

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
     Local mount folder: /media/windows

To mount Windows partition

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000

To unmount Windows partition
```
sudo umount /media/windows/
```

Q: How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow all users to read only?

Read General Notes
Read How to list partition tables?

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
     Local mount folder: /media/windows

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab

Append the following line at the end of file

/dev/hda1       /media/windows  ntfs    nls=utf8,umask=0222 0       0

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting?

Q: How to mount Windows partitions (FAT) on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write?

Read General Notes
Read How to list partition tables?

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
     Local mount folder: /media/windows

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab

Append the following line at the end of file

/dev/hda1       /media/windows  vfat    iocharset=utf8,umask=000   0       0

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting?

Security

Q: What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Ubuntu?

Read General Notes
Ensure hard drive is first in BIOS boot-up sequence
1. To prevent trespassers from using Linux Installation CD which allows them to gain root user access
2. To prevent trespassers from using Linux Live CD (e.g. UBUNTU/KNOPPIX/MEPIS) which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive
3. To prevent trespassers from installing another Operating System
Ensure a password is set for BIOS
1. To prevent trespassers from changing the BIOS boot-up sequence
Ensure computer is located at a secured place
1. To prevent trespassers from removing computer's hard drive which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive from a different computer
2. To prevent trespassers from removing computer's on-board battery which resets the BIOS password
Ensure passwords used on the system cannot be easily guessed
1. To prevent trespassers from cracking password file using brute force attacks (e.g. John the Ripper)
2. Create password with minimum length of 8 characters
3. Create password with mixture of characters/numbers, and upper/lower case
Ensure interactive editing control for GRUB menu is disabled
1. To prevent trespassers from modifying kernel boot-up arguments which allows them to have root user access
2. Read How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu?
Ensure history listing is disabled in Console mode
1. To prevent trespassers from seeing previously issued commands
2. Read How to disable history listing in Console mode?
Ensure Ctrl+Alt+Del is disabled in Console mode
1. To prevent trespassers from restarting the system without permission in Console mode
2. Read How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode?
Ensure interactive option is set for remove, copy and move of files/folders in Console mode
1. To prevent accidental removal/overwritten of files/folders
2. Read How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode?
For day to day usage, login as a normal user
1. To prevent accidental deletion/modification of system files/folders
2. Read How to add/edit/delete system users?
Disable root user account, use "sudo" instead
1. To reduce the amount of time spent with root privileges, and thus the risk of inadvertently executing a command as root
2. "sudo" provides a more useful audit trail (/var/log/auth.log)
3. Read How to disable root user account?
Install a Firewall
1. A firewall does not guarantee security but it is in most environments the first line of defense against network based attacks
2. Read How to install Firewall (Firestarter)?
Perform vulnerability test
1. Nessus is a great tool designed to automate the testing and discovery of known security problems
2. Read How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus)?

Q: How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu?

Read General Notes

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Find this section

...
## password ['--md5'] passwd
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line)  and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
#      password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
# password topsecret
...

Add the following line below it

password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)

Find this section

...
title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
root		(hd0,1)
kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
savedefault
boot
...

Replace with the following lines

#title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
#root		(hd0,1)
#kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
#initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
#savedefault
#boot

Save the edited file (sample)

Q: How to disable history listing in Console mode?

Read General Notes

rm -f $HOME/.bash_history
touch $HOME/.bash_history
chmod 000 $HOME/.bash_history

Q: How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode?

Read General Notes

sudo cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/inittab

Find this line

...
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
...

Replace with the following line

#ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo telinit q
```

Q: How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode?

Read General Notes

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc

Append the following lines at the end of file

alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'

Save the edited file (sample)

Rescue Mode

Q: How to gain root user access without login?

Read General Notes
Easiest method (will not work if GRUB menu password is set)
1. Boot-up computer
2. If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
3. Select
```
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
```
4. Press 'Enter' to boot
Other methods
1. Read How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access?
2. Read How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access?

Q: How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access?

Read General Notes
Boot-up computer
If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
If GRUB password is set, press 'p' to unlock the GRUB menu
Select
```
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386
```
Press 'e' to edit the commands before booting

Select

kernel  /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash

Press 'e' to edit the selected command in the boot sequence

Add "rw init=/bin/bash" to the end of the arguments

grub edit> kernel  /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash rw init=/bin/bash

Press 'b' to boot

Q: How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access?

Read General Notes
Boot-up computer into Ubuntu Installation CD
At "boot:" prompt, add "rescue" to the argument
```
boot: rescue
```
Follow the instructions on screen

Q: How to change root user/main user password if forgotten?

Read General Notes
Read How to gain root user access without login?
To change root user password
```
# passwd root
```
To change main user password
```
# passwd system_main_username
```

Q: How to change GRUB menu password if forgotten?

Read General Notes

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Find this line

...
password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
...

Replace with the following line

password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)

Save the edited file (sample)

Q: How to restore GRUB menu after Windows installation?

Read General Notes
Read How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access?

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda is the location of /boot partition

```
# grub-install /dev/hda
```

Q: How to add Windows entry into GRUB menu?

Read General Notes
Read How to list partition tables?

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Append the following lines at the end of file

title		Microsoft Windows
root		(hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader	+1

Save the edited file (sample)

Q: How to read Linux partitions (ext2, ext3) in Windows machine?

Read General Notes
Download Explore2fs: Here

Tips & Tricks

Q: How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer?

Read General Notes
Save and close all opened applications

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'

sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart

Q: How to turn on Num Lock on GNOME startup?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install numlockx
sudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default

Find this line
```
...
exit 0
```

Add the following lines above it

if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then
  /usr/bin/numlockx on
fi

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer?

Q: How to run programs on startup when login into GNOME?

Read General Notes
System -> Preferences -> Sessions
Sessions
```
Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete
```

Q: How to switch to Console mode in GNOME?

Read General Notes
To switch to Console mode
```
Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
```
To switch back to GNOME mode
```
Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F7'
```

Q: How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Backspace from restarting X in GNOME?

Read General Notes

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Append the following lines at the end of file

Section "ServerFlags"
	Option		"DontZap"		"yes"
EndSection

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer?

Q: How to enable Ctrl+Alt+Del to open System Monitor in GNOME?

Read General Notes

gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"
gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"

Q: How to refresh GNOME desktop?

Read General Notes
```
killall nautilus
```

Q: How to refresh GNOME panel?

Read General Notes
```
killall gnome-panel
```

Q: How to open each folder in the same window in Nautilus?

Read General Notes
Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor

Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus -> preferences -> always_use_browser (Checked)

Q: How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus?

Read General Notes
Places -> Home Folder
To temporary show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
```
Press 'Ctrl + H'
```

To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus

Edit Menu -> Preferences

Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files (Checked)

Q: How to browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus?

Read General Notes

To install File Browser (Root)

sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=File Browser (Root)
Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file manager
Exec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U"
Icon=file-manager
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?

To browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
1. Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)

Q: How to show Desktop Icons (Computer, Home, Trash)?

Read General Notes
Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor

Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus -> desktop ->
computer_icon_visible (Checked)
home_icon_visible (Checked)
trash_icon_visible (Checked)

Q: How to change default file type "Open with" program?

Read General Notes

Right click on file -> Properties

Open With Tab -> Add
Select "Open with" program

Select "Open with" program (Checked)

Q: How to change preferred email client to Mozilla Thunderbird?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Email Client (Mozilla Thunderbird)?
System -> Preferences -> Preferred Applications

Preferred Applications

Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s

Q: How to open files as root user via right click?

Read General Notes

gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root

Insert the following lines into the new file

for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do
	gnome-sudo "gnome-open $uri" &
done

Save the edited file (sample)

chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root

Right click on file -> Scripts -> Open as root

Q: How to disable beep sound in Terminal mode?

Read General Notes
Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal

Terminal

Edit Menu -> Current Profile...

General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)

Q: How to load Web site faster in Mozilla Firefox?

Read General Notes
Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser

Mozilla Firefox

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: ->
network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true
network.http.pipelining -> true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8
network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true

Restart Mozilla Firefox

Q: How to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox?

Read General Notes
Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser

Mozilla Firefox

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false

Restart Mozilla Firefox

Q: How to restore the original icons for Mozilla Firefox?

Read General Notes

wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/mozilla-firefox.png
wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/document.png
chmod 644 mozilla-firefox.png
chmod 644 document.png
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-firefox.png
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-firefox.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/icons/default.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/icons/document.png
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-firefox.png /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-firefox.png
sudo cp mozilla-firefox.png /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-firefox.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-firefox.png /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/icons/default.xpm
sudo cp document.png /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/icons/document.png
sudo cp mozilla-firefox.png /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm

Read How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer?

Q: How to restore the original icons for Mozilla Thunderbird?

Read General Notes

wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
chmod 644 mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird-menu.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird-pm-menu.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow16.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird-menu.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird-pm-menu.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow16.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm

Read How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer?

Q: How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)?

Read General Notes
System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager

Synaptic Package Manager

To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update)
```
Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information
```

To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to apt-get upgrade)

Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

To search for a package (equivalent to apt-cache search package_name)
```
Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name
```

To install the selected package (equivalent to apt-get install package_name)

Select "package_name"

Package Menu -> Mark for Installation
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

To remove installed package (equivalent to apt-get remove package_name)

Select "package_name"

Package Menu -> Mark for Removal
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

Q: How to install/uninstall .deb files?

Read General Notes
To install .deb file
```
sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb
```
To uninstall .deb file
```
sudo dpkg -r package_name
```

Q: How to convert .rpm files to .deb files?

Read General Notes
```
sudo alien package_file.rpm
```

Q: How to rename all files in directory at once?

Read General Notes

To install "mvb" file name renamer

wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/mvb_1.6.tgz
sudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb

To rename all files in directory at once
```
mvb NEW_NAME
```

Q: How to manipulate all image files in directory at once?

Read General Notes

To install bash batch image processing script

Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install imagemagick
wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/bbips.0.3.2.sh
sudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips

To manipulate all image files in directory at once
```
bbips
```

Q: How to set System-wide Environment Variables?

Read General Notes

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc

Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
Save the edited file

Q: How to save "man" outputs into files?

Read General Notes
```
man command | col -b > file.txt
```

Q: How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up?

Read General Notes

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Find this line
```
...
#hiddenmenu
...
```
Replace with the following line
```
hiddenmenu
```
Save the edited file (sample)

Q: How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up?

Read General Notes

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Find this line
```
...
timeout         3
...
```
Replace with the following line
```
timeout         X_seconds
```
Save the edited file (sample)

Q: How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu?

Read General Notes

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Find this line
```
...
default         0
...
```
Replace with the following line
```
default         X_sequence
```
Save the edited file (sample)

Q: How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition

wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/ubuntu.xpm.gz
chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz
sudo mkdir /boot/grub/images
sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Find this section

# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
#            grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
#            grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
#            and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
...

Add the following line below it

splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz

Save the edited file (sample)

Q: How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image
     splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu

convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm

Read How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up? (use splashimage.xpm.gz instead of ubuntu.xpm.gz)

Q: How to temporary skip boot-up services?

Read General Notes
```
Press 'Ctrl + C'
```

Q: How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Boot-Up Manager (BUM)?

Q: How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown?

Read General Notes

sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup
sudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd

Find this section

...
  stop)
    log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
    start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
    log_end_msg $?
...

Add the following line below it
```
    rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*
```
Save the edited file (sample)

Q: How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode?

Read General Notes
To scroll up to view previously outputs
```
Press 'Shift + Page Up'
```
To scroll down to view previously outputs
```
Press 'Shift + Page Down'
```

AntiVirus Server

Q: How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install clamav
```

Q: How to manually update virus databases?

Read General Notes
Read How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server?
```
sudo freshclam
```

Q: How to manually scan files/folders for viruses?

Read General Notes
Read How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server?

sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders

Q: How to automatically scan files/folders for viruses?

Read General Notes
Read How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server?

e.g. Automatically scan files/folders for viruses at midnight everyday
     * * * * * means minute hour date month year

```
export EDITOR=gedit && sudo crontab -e
```

Append the following line at the end of file

00 00 * * * sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders

Save the edited file

Samba Server

Q: How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install samba
sudo apt-get install smbfs

Q: How to add/edit/delete network users?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?
To add network user
1. Read How to add/edit/delete system users?
2. ```
sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smbusers
```
3. Insert the following line into the new file
```
system_username = "network username"
```
4. Save the edited file (sample)
To edit network user
```
sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
```
To delete network user
```
sudo smbpasswd -x system_username
```

Q: How to share home folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line
```
...
;   security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines

   security = user
   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete network users?

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

Q: How to share home folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line
```
...
;   security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines

   security = user
   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Find this section

...
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
   writable = no
...

Replace with the following lines

# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
   writable = yes

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete network users?

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

Q: How to share group folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line
```
...
;   security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines

   security = user
   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Append the following lines at the end of file

[Group]
   comment = Group Folder
   path = /home/group
   public = yes
   writable = no
   valid users = system_username1 system_username2
   create mask = 0700
   directory mask = 0700
   force user = nobody
   force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete network users?

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

Q: How to share group folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line
```
...
;   security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines

   security = user
   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Append the following lines at the end of file

[Group]
   comment = Group Folder
   path = /home/group
   public = yes
   writable = yes
   valid users = system_username1 system_username2
   create mask = 0700
   directory mask = 0700
   force user = nobody
   force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete network users?

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

Q: How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line
```
...
;   security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines

   security = user
   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Append the following lines at the end of file

[public]
   comment = Public Folder
   path = /home/public
   public = yes
   writable = no
   create mask = 0777
   directory mask = 0777
   force user = nobody
   force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete network users?

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

Q: How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line
```
...
;   security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines

   security = user
   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Append the following lines at the end of file

[public]
   comment = Public Folder
   path = /home/public
   public = yes
   writable = yes
   create mask = 0777
   directory mask = 0777
   force user = nobody
   force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete network users?

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

Q: How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=No)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line
```
...
;   security = user
...
```
Replace with the following line
```
   security = share
```

Append the following lines at the end of file

[public]
   comment = Public Folder
   path = /home/public
   public = yes
   writable = no
   create mask = 0777
   directory mask = 0777
   force user = nobody
   force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (sample)

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

Q: How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=No)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line
```
...
;   security = user
...
```
Replace with the following line
```
   security = share
```

Append the following lines at the end of file

[public]
   comment = Public Folder
   path = /home/public
   public = yes
   writable = yes
   create mask = 0777
   directory mask = 0777
   force user = nobody
   force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (sample)

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

SSH Server

Q: How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install ssh
```

Q: How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
     Read How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?
     Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1

```
ssh username@192.168.0.1
```

Q: How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (scp)?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
     Read How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?
     Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
     Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
     Local machine save location: . (current directory)

scp -r username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .

Q: How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (scp)?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
     Read How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?
     Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
     Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
     Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/

scp -r localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/

Q: How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (rsync)?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
     Read How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?
     Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
     Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
     Local machine save location: . (current directory)

rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .

Q: How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (rsync)?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
     Read How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?
     Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
     Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
     Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/

rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/

Q: How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
     Read How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?

Download PuTTY: Here

Q: How to copy files/folders from/into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
     Read How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?

Download WinSCP: Here

DHCP Server

Q: How to install DHCP Server for automatic IP addresses assignment?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

e.g. Assumed that "eth0" is the interface for network card
     IP Address Range: 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.200
     Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
     DNS Servers: 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5
     Domains: tm.net.my
     Gateway Address: 192.168.0.1

sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server
sudo cp /etc/default/dhcp3-server /etc/default/dhcp3-server_backup
sudo gedit /etc/default/dhcp3-server

Find this line
```
...
INTERFACES=""
```
Replace with the following line
```
INTERFACES="eth0"
```
Save the edited file (sample)

sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf

Find this section

...
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
...

Replace with the following lines

# option definitions common to all supported networks...
#option domain-name "example.org";
#option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

#default-lease-time 600;
#max-lease-time 7200;

Find this section

...
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
#subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
#  range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;
#  option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;
#  option domain-name "internal.example.org";
#  option routers 10.5.5.1;
#  option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;
#  default-lease-time 600;
#  max-lease-time 7200;
#}
...

Replace with the following lines

# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
  range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200;
  option domain-name-servers 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5;
  option domain-name "tm.net.my";
  option routers 192.168.0.1;
  option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
  default-lease-time 600;
  max-lease-time 7200;
}

Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart
```

Database Server

Q: How to install MYSQL Database Server?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo apt-get install mysql-server
mysqladmin -u root password db_user_password

Q: How to install MYSQL Control Center?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install MYSQL Database Server?

sudo apt-get install mysqlcc
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/MySQLCC.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=MySQLCC
Comment=MySQLCC
Exec=mysqlcc
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/mysqlcc.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

Save the edited file (sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Applications -> System Tools -> MySQLCC

Apache HTTP Server

Q: How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install apache2
```
http://localhost

Q: How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?

sudo apt-get install php4
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php

Insert the following line into the new file
```
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
```
Save the edited file (sample)
http://localhost/testphp.php

Q: How to install MYSQL for Apache HTTP Server?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?
Read How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server?
Read How to install MYSQL Database Server?

sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql
sudo apt-get install php4-mysql
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

Q: How to map URLs to folders outside /var/www/?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?
```
sudo gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/alias
```

Insert the following lines into the new file

Alias /URL-path /location_of_folder/

<Directory /location_of_folder/>
   Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
   AllowOverride All
   Order allow,deny
   Allow from all
</Directory>

Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
```
http://localhost/URL-path

Q: How to change the default port number for Apache HTTP Server?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?
```
e.g. Assumed that new port number is 78
```

sudo cp /etc/apache2/ports.conf /etc/apache2/ports.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf

Find this line
```
Listen 80
```
Replace with the following line
```
Listen 78
```
Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
```
http://localhost:78

Q: How to parse RSS into PHP for Apache HTTP Server?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?
Read How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server?

e.g. Assumed that RSS is DistroWatch.com - News

wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz
sudo mkdir /var/www/feeds
sudo tar zxvf magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz -C /var/www/feeds/
sudo mv /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/* /var/www/feeds/
sudo rm -fr /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/
sudo chown -R www-data:root /var/www/feeds/
sudo gedit /var/www/feeds/index.php

Insert the following lines into the new file

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">

<head>

<title>DistroWatch.com - News</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/>

<style type="text/css">
/*<![CDATA[*/
/* 
DEFAULT TAG STYLES
*/

body {
  background: #ffffff;
  margin-left: 20px;
  font-family: bitstream vera sans,sans-serif;
  font-size: 9pt;
}

h1 {
  font-family: luxi sans,sans-serif;
  font-size: 15pt;
}

/*]]>*/
</style>

</head>

<body>

<?php

require_once 'rss_fetch.inc';
error_reporting(E_ERROR);

$url = 'http://distrowatch.com/news/dw.xml';
$rss = fetch_rss($url);

if ($rss) {

  echo "<h1>";
  echo "<a href=$url>", $rss->channel[title], "</a><br/>";
  echo "</h1>";

  foreach ($rss->items as $item ) {
    $url = $item[link];
    $title = $item[title];
    $description = $item[description];
    echo "<li>";
    echo "<b>Topic:</b> <a href=$url><b><u>$title</u></b></a><br/><br/>";
    echo "$description<br/><br/>";
    echo "</li>";
  }

}
else {
  echo "<a href=$url>", $url, "</a> - Server Down!<br/>";
}

?>

</body>

</html>

Save the edited file (sample)
http://localhost/feeds/index.php

FTP Server

Q: How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
```
sudo apt-get install proftpd
```

Q: How to configure FTP user to be "jailed" (chrooted) into their home directory?

Read General Notes
Read How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service?

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf

Find this section

...
DenyFilter                      \*.*/
...

Add the following line below it
```
DefaultRoot                     ~
```
Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
```

Q: How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read only?

Read General Notes
Read How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service?

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf

Append the following lines at the end of file

<Anonymous ~ftp>
  User                        ftp
  Group                       nogroup
  UserAlias                   anonymous ftp
  DirFakeUser on ftp
  DirFakeGroup on ftp
  RequireValidShell           off
  MaxClients                  10
  DisplayLogin                welcome.msg
  DisplayFirstChdir           .message
  <Directory *>
    <Limit WRITE>
      DenyAll
    </Limit>
  </Directory>
</Anonymous>

Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
```

Q: How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read/write?

Read General Notes
Read How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service?

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf

Append the following lines at the end of file

<Anonymous ~ftp>
  User                        ftp
  Group                       nogroup
  UserAlias                   anonymous ftp
  DirFakeUser on ftp
  DirFakeGroup on ftp
  RequireValidShell           off
  MaxClients                  10
  DisplayLogin                welcome.msg
  DisplayFirstChdir           .message
</Anonymous>

Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
```

Q: How to map anonymous FTP user to folders outside /home/ftp/?

Read General Notes
Read How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service?

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf

Append the following lines at the end of file

<Anonymous /location_of_folder/>
  User                        ftp
  Group                       nogroup
  UserAlias                   anonymous ftp
  DirFakeUser on ftp
  DirFakeGroup on ftp
  RequireValidShell           off
  MaxClients                  10
  DisplayLogin                welcome.msg
  DisplayFirstChdir           .message
  <Directory *>
    <Limit WRITE>
      DenyAll
    </Limit>
  </Directory>
</Anonymous>

Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
```

Q: How to change the default port number for FTP Server?

Read General Notes
Read How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service?
```
e.g. Assumed that new port number is 77
```

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf

Find this line
```
Port                            21
```
Replace with the following line
```
Port                            77
```
Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
```

Q: How to ftp into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine?

Read General Notes

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed FTP Server service
     Read How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service?

Download FileZilla: Here

Streaming Media Server

Q: How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?

e.g. /var/music/ is the directory containing multimedia files

```
sudo apt-get install gnump3d
```
http://localhost:8888

Q: How to change the default directory containing multimedia files for GNUMP3d?

Read General Notes
Read How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service?

e.g. Assumed that new directory containing multimedia files is /home/music/

sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf

Find this line
```
root = /var/music
```
Replace with the following line
```
root = /home/music
```
Find this line
```
user = gnump3d
```
Replace with the following line
```
user = root
```
Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
```
http://localhost:8888

Q: How to change the default port number for GNUMP3d?

Read General Notes
Read How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service?

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 7878

sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf

Find this line
```
port = 8888
```
Replace with the following line
```
port = 7878
```
Save the edited file (sample)
```
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
```
http://localhost:7878

Image Gallery Server

Q: How to install Gallery for Image Gallery Server service?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?
Read How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server?

sudo apt-get install gallery (when prompted to restart Apache, choose No or Cancel)
sudo apt-get install imagemagick
sudo apt-get install jhead
sudo apt-get install libjpeg-progs
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo sh /usr/share/gallery/configure.sh

http://localhost/gallery/setup/index.php

Gallery Configuration

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 1
Next Step ->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 2
General settings Tab ->
Admin password: Specify the password

Locations and URLs Tab ->
Album directory: /var/www/albums/
Temporary directory: /tmp/
Gallery URL: http://localhost/gallery
Albums URL: http://localhost/albums
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 3
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 4
Save Config ->

http://localhost/gallery/albums.php

Q: How to configure Gallery to be accessible via Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Gallery for Image Gallery Server service?

e.g. Assumed that network and internet connections have been configured properly
     Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP): http://www.url.com

sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php

Find this section

...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...

Replace with the following lines

$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://www.url.com/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://www.url.com/albums";

Save the edited file (sample)
http://www.url.com/gallery/albums.php

Q: How to configure Gallery to be accessible via LAN (dynamic IP)?

Read General Notes
Read How to install Gallery for Image Gallery Server service?

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
     LAN (dynamic IP): 192.168.0.1

sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php

Find this section

...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...

Replace with the following lines

$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "/albums";

Save the edited file (sample)
http://192.168.0.1/gallery/albums.php

Q: How to backup/restore Gallery data?

Read General Notes

To backup Gallery data

sudo tar zcvf gallery.tgz /var/www/albums/ /etc/gallery/

To restore Gallery data
```
sudo tar zxvf gallery.tgz -C /
```

Troubleshooting

Q: Configuring network interfaces... (taking too long to load)

Read General Notes
Read How to temporary skip boot-up services?

Q: Synchronizing clock to ntp.ubuntulinux.org... (taking too long to load)

Read General Notes
Read How to temporary skip boot-up services?
Read How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services?
```
service_name = ntpdate
```

Q: How to disable system time/date from being reset to UTC (GMT)?

Read General Notes

sudo cp /etc/default/rcS /etc/default/rcS_backup
sudo gedit /etc/default/rcS

Find this line
```
...
UTC=yes
...
```
Replace with the following line
```
UTC=no
```
Save the edited file (sample)
System -> Administration -> Time and Date
```
Set the correct time/date
```
```
sudo /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh restart
```

Q: How to configure sound to work properly in GNOME?

Read General Notes
Read How to add extra repositories?

sudo killall esd
sudo cp /etc/esound/esd.conf /etc/esound/esd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/esound/esd.conf

Find this section

...
auto_spawn=0
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 5
...

Replace with the following lines

auto_spawn=1
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 2 -d default

Save the edited file (sample)

sudo apt-get install libesd-alsa0
sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf

Insert the following lines into the new file

pcm.card0 {
type hw
card 0
}

pcm.!default {
type plug
slave.pcm "dmixer"
}

pcm.dmixer {
type dmix
ipc_key 1025
slave {
pcm "hw:0,0"
period_time 0
period_size 2048
buffer_size 32768
rate 48000
}
bindings {
0 0
1 1
}
}

Save the edited file (sample)

sudo ln -fs /usr/lib/libesd.so.0 /usr/lib/libesd.so.1

System -> Preferences -> Sound

Sound preferences

General Tab -> Sounds for events (Un-Checked)

Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer

Q: How to forcefully empty Trash in GNOME?

Read General Notes
```
sudo rm -fr $HOME/.Trash/
```

Q: How to remove duplicate menu/menu items in GNOME?

Read General Notes

rm -f $HOME/.config/menus/applications.menu

Read How to refresh GNOME panel?

Q: How to refresh Places menu in GNOME (if mounts to /media/ in /etc/fstab does not show up)?

Read General Notes
```
sudo /etc/init.d/dbus-1 restart
```

Upgrading Ubuntu

Q: How to upgrade from Hoary Hedgehog to Breezy Badger (experimental)?

Read General Notes

Warning! This is still in it's development stage. Only use it for experimental purposes
         Doing this might break your entire system

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

Find this section

deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 5.04 _Hoary Hedgehog_ - Release i386 (20050407)]/ hoary main restricted


## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch updated software from the network
# deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary main restricted
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary main restricted

## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch major bug fix updates produced
## after the final release of the distribution.
# deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-updates main restricted
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-updates main restricted

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.
# deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary universe
# deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary universe

# deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security main restricted
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security main restricted

# deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security universe
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary-security universe

Replace with the following lines

#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 5.04 _Hoary Hedgehog_ - Release i386 (20050407)]/ hoary main restricted


## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch updated software from the network
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted

## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch major bug fix updates produced
## after the final release of the distribution.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy multiverse

Save the edited file (sample)

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer

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